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Line and Rigging

Mechanical Advantage with Low Friction Rings

By Allen Edwards


Using Low Friction Rings instead of Blocks

I recently saw a picture of a three stage cascaded block system using low friction ring instead of blocks. This article analyzes such a cascade and shows how to calculate its effective mechanical advantage. The techniques shown can easily be extended to other systems. I will discuss one such system that I use on my boat.

Mechanical Advantage


low_friction_rings/rings.jpg
To analyze a system like this you need to know the efficiency of a single stage, extend that to the the efficiency of the entire system, and translate that to mechanical advantage. For reference lets consider the following sketches.

low_friction_rings/block_and_scale.png
In this sketch, if the weight is 20 pounds and there is no friction in the block the hand pulls down on the full 20 pounds and the scale will read the total or 40 pounds. With the setup, the mechanical advantage can be calculated but it depends on what we are trying to do. If we are trying to lift the weight, there is no mechanical advantage as it takes the full amount of the weight for the hand to lift it. If, on the other hand, the weight is actually an attachment to the deck and we are trying to pull on the scale, we get a 2:1 mechanical advantage as we cal pull with 20 pounds on the line, which will pull that same amount on the deck and we get 40 pounds on the scale. We can combine these systems and have the point where the scale is be another similar system or as in the case with the low friction rings above assuming no friction, use 3 and have an 8:1 system.

But there is friction in the low friction rings as they are low friction, not no friction. To determine the amount of friction I did the following experiment with a number of different sized rings.

low_friction_rings/measure_friction.png
In the experiment I used a 20 pound weight and measured the force required to just move the weight. Using a block, it took 20 pounds, friction free. With a 1 inch diameter ring it took 30 pounds and with a small smooth ring it took 32 pounds. I will assume that the low friction ring in the advertisement will require 30 pounds to lift a 20 pound weight. Note that this is using Amsteel as the line. Using StaSet it took 48 pounds to lift the weight to the line material is very important.

low_friction_rings/46_system.png

Analysis of 3 Stage Low Friction Ring Cascade

Let us consider the mechanical advantage for the block system in the second picture of this article but analyze it for the low friction ring case. We will pull with 30 pounds but due to friction we only pull on the deck with 20 pounds. The scale will read 50 pounds, the sum of these two numbers. Thus, the mechanical advantage of this system is 50 divided by our 30 pound pull or 1.66 : 1 rather than the 2 : 1 we had when using no friction blocks.

The compound system in the first picture of this article simply cascades three of these systems. This would be 2 x 2 x 2 = 8 : 1 if we had no friction blocks but with the low friction blocks it is 1.66 x 1.66 x 1.66 = 4.6 : 1. This is better than using two no friction blocks and actually pretty good, but not as much as what you would get with no friction blocks.

1:1 setup eliminates blocks

low_friction_rings/twing2.png
My favorite application of this kind of setup is shown in the sketch below for a twing control line discussed in THIS article.

The alternative is a single block on the rail and a fixed ring that the sheet goes through. That standard setup would obviously be 1 : 1. Let's analyze the low friction alternative. We have two turns around more or less low friction rings. One is 180 degrees at the sheet and the other is closer to 90 degrees through the rail car. There is less friction going around 90 degrees than around 180 by a small amount. with the 1 inch ring, only 26 pounds was required for a 90 degree bend rather than 30. But a small radius such as we have on the rail car requires as much force in 90 degrees as the larger ring needs for the full 180 so I will just say these two parts are equivalent and have our 1.5 loss factor. Back to our analysis. Assume that the line pulling on the rail car but fixed to is is our 20 pound point. That means that the other part of that line has 30 pounds on it and that the part going back to the cockpit has 1.5 x 30 or 45 pounds. Let me note here that these numbers are only the case when we are pulling in on the control line while trying to bring the twing down. In the steady state, all the forces are likely to equalize but what we care about is how much force does it take to move the ring. The twing is pulling 50 pounds so the mechanical advantage is 50 / 45 or just over 1.1:1. This is about the same as using a no friction block but we didn't need the block and got a bit more advantage. It is a good alternative to using a single block on the rail and a fixed attachment to the twing ring.

Raw Data

Ring (most tests using Amsteel line)
force to move 20 pound load
90 deg bend 180 deg bend
small carabiner (not smooth) 34
Smooth ring (.43dia) 28
Locking Caribener (smooth .47dia) 28 31
Sheifer Block (not ball bearning) 21
Small Garhauer Block 20
Brown Climing Ring (not round cross section) 30
1" dia round 26 30
Medium Carabiner 29 32
Cocking Caribiner and 7/16 StaSet 42 48


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